{"id":17597,"date":"2022-12-20T07:15:53","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T15:15:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/calcanstaging.kinsta.cloud\/?p=17597"},"modified":"2022-12-19T12:28:30","modified_gmt":"2022-12-19T20:28:30","slug":"winter-solstice-reflections-on-solar-energy-climate-resilience-and-decarbonization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/winter-solstice-reflections-on-solar-energy-climate-resilience-and-decarbonization\/","title":{"rendered":"Winter Solstice Reflections on Solar Energy, Climate Resilience, and Decarbonization"},"content":{"rendered":"

Inspired by four workshops at CalCAN\u2019s recent summit, I have found myself ruminating lately on the role that solar energy could play in mitigating the impacts of drought, extreme heat, and the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, while also accelerating decarbonization of our energy system and giving farmers much-needed alternative income streams. As we near Wednesday\u2019s winter solstice and perhaps feel a heightened sense of gratitude for the sun and longer days ahead, I figured I would share these reflections for your consideration and would invite you to share your own.<\/span><\/p>\n

Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems: A Practical On-Farm Drought Resilience Strategy\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

One way farmers can mitigate the impact of higher costs of irrigation during droughts is by installing solar to power their pumps. In the summit\u2019s \u201cPractical On-farm Drought Management Strategies\u201d workshop, Kevin Greer of Tehama Resource Conservation District talked about the challenge of increased water pumping costs during droughts. Kevin, who manages a mobile irrigation lab, described how diminishing surface water supplies have led to increased groundwater pumping and reduced groundwater tables. As a result, farmers\u2019 irrigation pumps have to use more energy to lift water from greater depths and maintain adequate pressure for micro and drip irrigation systems to work efficiently.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To mitigate the increasing energy costs associated with groundwater pumping, Steve Fukagawa, a CalCAN Farmer Advisor and stone fruit and raisin grower in Kings county, installed solar panels to power his irrigation system with the help of a <\/span>State Water Efficiency and Enhancement Program<\/span><\/a> grant. In the workshop, Steve credited his solar panels, along with other strategies like deficit irrigation, with significantly reducing his irrigation costs.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Farmer Steve Fukagawa discusses his irrigation systems with Speaker-Designee Robert Rivas and Assemblymember Arambula under the shade of his solar panels. Photo by Brian Shobe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Steve is one of a growing number of farmers in the state utilizing solar. The number of farms in California <\/span>reporting to have solar panels<\/span><\/a> increased from roughly 5,500 in 2012 to nearly 14,000 in 2017. Small and mid-scale farmers with solar-powered pumps we\u2019ve interviewed have observed cost savings in the range of thousands of dollars per year. You can read their \u201cConserving Water & Energy\u201d and \u201cOn-Farm Renewable Energy\u201d stories <\/span>here<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Load-Shifting Irrigation Demand for Additional Cost and GHG Savings<\/b><\/p>\n

There\u2019s another way farms could potentially save money, tap into solar power, and improve grid reliability \u2013 through irrigation load-shifting (aka demand-response) incentive programs. Arian Aghajanzadeh of Klimate Consulting, who <\/span>has published research<\/span><\/a> on this topic, spoke briefly about the potential of these programs on the summit\u2019s \u201cModernizing California\u2019s Ag Water Delivery Systems\u201d panel. By shifting irrigation-related energy use away from peak demand hours (typically between 4pm-9pm) to times of day when more renewable energy is available on the grid, farmers can get both cheaper and less carbon-intensive energy.<\/span><\/p>\n

A <\/span>pilot project<\/span><\/a> funded by the California Energy Commission demonstrated that the use of automatic irrigation scheduling systems in response to energy market signals could shift 80 percent of peak demand for irrigation pumping load, which would eliminate 1.8 percent of total carbon emissions from California\u2019s power generation \u2013 a reduction that can be achieved at a lower cost than battery energy storage or load shift from many other sectors.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Agrivoltaics: A Way to Reduce Heat Stress and Increase Net Farm Income, But More Research Needed for CA Cropping Systems<\/b><\/p>\n

Solar panels may also help certain crops and livestock better withstand warming temperatures while also creating a secondary revenue stream for farmers. As we heard about in the summit\u2019s farm tour, farmers are increasingly experiencing the impacts of extreme heat, with both crops and livestock suffering from heat stress. Dr. Majdi Abou Najm, a Professor of Soil Biophysics from the UC Davis Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, gave a lightning talk at the summit on agrivoltaics, which refers to solar arrays <\/span>over<\/span><\/i> agricultural fields, orchards and pastures, as a potential multi-benefit solution to this challenge. Citing promising results from his recently published <\/span>study<\/span><\/a> and a <\/span>growing body of federally-funded research<\/span><\/a>, Dr. Najm suggested we are on the verge of a revolution in food and energy co-creation. In places like <\/span>Arizona<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>Colorado<\/span><\/a>, pilots are finding that agrivoltaics can improve yields in certain crops like tomatoes and peppers while reducing water needs, increasing soil moisture, creating cooler microclimates underneath the solar panels, and establishing a new on-farm revenue stream.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Jack’s Solar Garden<\/a> in Colorado hosts the largest commercially active agrivoltaics system in the United States. The 1.2-megawatt array generates enough power for more than 300 homes. Photo by Werner Slocum, NREL<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For California farmers to take advantage of this opportunity, however, Dr. Najm says more research and pilot funding are needed to test agrivoltaics in California\u2019s unique specialty crop systems and various microclimates. He is not alone in calling for more research and pilot funding. American Farmland Trust recently released its <\/span>Smart Solar Principles<\/span><\/a>, which calls for growing agrivoltaics for agricultural production and solar energy. And two weeks ago, American Farmland Trust, the Community Alliance with Family Farmers, and CalCAN submitted a <\/span>comment letter<\/span><\/a> to the California Energy Commission calling for it to include agrivoltaics projects in its new Climate Innovation Program, which has $500 million.<\/span><\/p>\n

Solar Over Canals: Reduce Evaporative Losses and Scale Renewable Energy on Existing Infrastructure<\/b><\/p>\n

Zooming out from the farm to the irrigation district, there are more ways that harvesting solar energy can reap multiple benefits, including water conservation. Christine Gemperle is a CalCAN farmer advisor and almond grower in the Turlock Irrigation District\u2019s service area. In her remarks for the summit\u2019s \u201cModernizing California\u2019s Ag Water Delivery System\u201d workshop, Christine shared her excitement about <\/span>Project Nexus<\/span><\/a>, the nation\u2019s first deployment of solar over canals. The project, which is a collaboration between Turlock Irrigation District, the CA Department of Water Resources, UC Merced, and Solar AquaGrid, will include solar panels over the canal next to Christine\u2019s farm. These panels will both reduce evaporative water losses and aquatic weed growth in the canal, while also providing renewable power to the irrigation district\u2019s customers \u2013 all without taking any agricultural land out of production.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A recent <\/span>UC Merced study<\/span><\/a>, co-authored by CalCAN science advisor Tapan Pathak, found that if such pilots were scaled across California\u2019s vast canal systems, the state could achieve annual water savings of 190,000 acre-feet and generate 13 gigawatts of solar power \u2013 roughly half the projected new capacity needed by 2030 to meet the state\u2019s decarbonization goals.<\/span><\/p>\n

Solar\u2019s Role in a Just Groundwater Sustainability Transition for the San Joaquin Valley<\/b><\/p>\n

So what do all these solar innovations mean for the future of agriculture in the San Joaquin Valley? Consider this: The US Department of Energy <\/span>projects<\/span><\/a> that 10.3 million acres of solar<\/span><\/p>\n

will be needed to decarbonize the nation\u2019s electrical grid by mid-century, with 90 percent of the utility-scale solar capacity likely to be installed in rural communities. According to a recent Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) report \u2013 <\/span>Solar Energy and Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley<\/span><\/a> \u2013 planners have identified the San Joaquin Valley as a place with high potential to build more solar, with 3 gigawatts of solar already developed and substantial additional developments being constructed in places like Fresno, Kings, and Kern counties. SB 100, which established a goal of achieving 100 percent renewable energy in California by 2045, and related legislation is likely to spur an unprecedented build-out of solar (at least 70 gigawatts) in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

At the same time, groundwater basins must achieve sustainability under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act by 2040, which the PPIC <\/span>concluded<\/span><\/a> will likely necessitate taking half a million acres of agricultural land out of intensive irrigated production in the San Joaquin Valley. While some of that land may convert to <\/span>water-limited or dry-farmed crops<\/span><\/a> (e.g. lightly irrigated or rainfed winter grain and forage crops) and some land will surely be put into habitat restoration efforts, it is inevitable that some land will be developed for solar as well.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Ayres et al. Solar Energy and Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley<\/a> (2022). Map developed by the authors using data from The Nature Conservancy, the California Department of Conservation, and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy\u2019s Center for Geospatial Solutions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

How to transition that retiring agricultural land strategically (as opposed to haphazardly), sustainably (to prevent dust and noxious weed challenges), and justly (for farmers and farmworkers who may lose their livelihoods) was the focus of much of the CalCAN summit\u2019s workshop on the \u201cFuture of Land and Communities in the San Joaquin Valley.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Nataly Escobedo Garcia from Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability emphasized that the communities she works with are interested in solar, but only if they have meaningful input into projects around their communities and the workforce development and transition paths to benefit from solar jobs. Adam Livingston from Sequoia Riverlands Trust emphasized the critical importance of keeping as much of the San Joaquin Valley\u2019s ag land in production as possible given its regional economic impact and outsized role in providing the nation\u2019s fruits, nuts, and vegetables. To achieve beneficial transitions and avoid harms, Caity Peterson of the PPIC underscored the importance of cooperative planning efforts, reimagining crop portfolios, and flexible regulatory approaches. Their insights are critical to keep in mind as we work towards an equitable transition to groundwater sustainability and a decarbonized power sector.<\/span><\/p>\n

Longer Days and More Work Ahead<\/b><\/p>\n

As I gear up for another trip around the sun, another growing season, and another legislative session, it is clear to me that harvesting more of the sun\u2019s energy in the form of food and energy will be key to achieving our vision of a climate-resilient and climate-beneficial agriculture. How we do that, exactly, and how fast has yet to be determined. But I\u2019m excited and hopeful to find out. Feel free to share your solstice musings with me! Email me at: brian[at]calclimateag.org.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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