{"id":15267,"date":"2021-10-15T10:00:13","date_gmt":"2021-10-15T17:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/calcanstaging.kinsta.cloud\/?p=15267"},"modified":"2025-09-12T05:11:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-12T12:11:30","slug":"are-superweeds-really-the-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/are-superweeds-really-the-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"Are Superweeds Really the Problem?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Are Superweeds Really the Problem?<\/h2>\n

This blog was authored by Rex Dufour, Regional Office Director of the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) and CalCAN advisor. NCAT staff serve farmers and ranchers through training, technical assistance, and support related to sustainable agriculture production. Read more on their website<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

The pesticide treadmill keeps farmers hooked on inputs<\/h2>\n

The New York Times recently published <\/span>an article on \u201csuperweeds\u201d<\/span><\/a>\u2014weeds that have developed resistance to one or more herbicides.\u00a0 The article was disappointing, in that it focused on chemical herbicides, and only mentioned alternative weed controls in the last two paragraphs of this long article. The Midwest was highlighted in the article, as was the problem of Palmer amaranth, also known by a common name of pigweed.\u00a0 The emergence of pigweed as a superweed is a classic example of the pesticide treadmill combined with a system of subsidies which disincentivize climate-smart farming practices.\u00a0 Complex rotations, which for most farmers in the Midwest would mean adding a small grain to the typical corn-soybean rotation, are rare.\u00a0 In the corn-soybean system, pigweed was controlled for years by glyphosate, as most farmers were planting \u201cRoundup-Ready\u201d corn and soybeans.\u00a0 When glyphosate-resistant pigweed inevitably started appearing in their fields, many farmers started planting seeds with \u201cstacked\u201d herbicide resistance\u2014so the corn and soybeans are resistant to both glyphosate and dicamba, a 2<\/span>nd<\/span> herbicide.\u00a0 But dicamba has a problem with \u201cfuming\u201d\u2014that is, vaporizing, and then traveling long distances, which results in non-target plants being damaged or killed.\u00a0 This has created many problems with neighboring farmers who are not using the \u201cstacked\u201d seeds.\u00a0 Overdependence and overuse of these chemical herbicides is essentially a breeding program to create herbicide-resistant weeds.\u00a0 But are superweeds a problem in California? Does what happens in the Midwest stay in the Midwest?<\/span><\/p>\n

Well, the answer to that is, \u201cyes, and no\u201d.\u00a0 Let me explain.\u00a0 The problem with over-reliance on \u201csilver bullet\u201d herbicides is just that: too many farmers applying too much herbicide on too much acreage. It\u2019s convenient, it\u2019s relatively cheap (until superweeds appear, or one considers the externalized costs to human and environmental health of over-using these herbicides). These silver bullet herbicides create intense selection pressures on weeds.\u00a0 After decades of applying glyphosate, we\u2019ve selected for pigweeds (and other weed species) resistant to this chemical.\u00a0 And there appears to be cross-resistance to other chemical herbicides, according to the article in the New York Times.\u00a0 It ain\u2019t rocket science\u2014it\u2019s simply how biology works.<\/span><\/p>\n

California agriculture feels the impact<\/h2>\n

\"groupWell, back to the California context.\u00a0 We grow well over 400 different crops here in California, which is about 200 times the number of crops grown in most of the Midwest.\u00a0 Each crop has its own set of weed problems, but they\u2019re generally a different bunch of weed species, especially when comparing weeds of annual crops to weeds of perennial crops.\u00a0 However, that\u2019s not to say that we haven\u2019t developed our own superweeds.\u00a0 Marestail, also known as Horseweed (<\/span>Conyza canadensis<\/span><\/i>), is a problematic weed in vineyards, especially in the vine-row.\u00a0 This weed, which grows in all the lower 48 states, can grow 6-10 feet tall, and develop up to 200,000 wind-driven seeds.\u00a0 It\u2019s also glyphosate resistant\u2014whether that was \u201chome-grown\u201d resistance developed in California, or imported from the Midwest is beside the point now.\u00a0 It\u2019s here and we have to deal with it.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s perhaps better in the long run that all farmers develop <\/span>a more integrated approach to managing weeds<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0 Silver bullet, herbicide-based approaches work for a short time, but create longer-term problem weeds that are more difficult to manage with chemicals.\u00a0 \u00a0 Using an approach that integrates <\/span>ecological approaches<\/span><\/i> to weed management, combined with some mechanical options, is not only a more sustainable method, but has soil health benefits that can help the farmer\u2019s bottom line in this era of climate change.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A treadmill off-ramp: One farmer\u2019s story<\/h2>\n

\"bell<\/p>\n

Adam Chappell is a farmer from the Midwest taking an alternative approach. A little over 10 years ago, Adam Chappell\u2019s farm in eastern Arkansas was in trouble.\u00a0 He and his brother Seth were having a very hard time controlling pigweed on their 8,000 acres, spending up to $150\/acre just to control this one weed!\u00a0 So Adam, as a last resort, tried, after a bit of research, planting a cover crop of cereal rye.\u00a0 The roller-crimped cover crop helped reduce the pigweed, and after historic flooding in 2011, followed by the hottest year on record in AR (2012), the land that they\u2019d cover cropped produced a crop.\u00a0 The land they didn\u2019t cover crop didn\u2019t produce a crop.\u00a0 Ever since then, he\u2019s been experimenting and expanding his use of cover crops.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Adam has adopted a range of climate smart practices.\u00a0 He uses no-till, has a diverse rotation that includes cover crops, keeps a living root in the soil throughout the year, and is now in the process of integrating livestock onto his farm.\u00a0 He\u2019s noticed that since he\u2019s been investing in his soil, the \u201croots explode out of the [cotton] seed\u201d\u2014root growth is much better in his healthier soils.\u00a0 His insecticide costs are about $3\/acre compared to the state average of $36\/acre. Using cover crops has reduced the frequency of irrigation by 50%. He has increased his infiltration rate (the rate of water draining into his soils) from 0.5-1\u201d\/hour to 6\u201d-8\u201d\/hour by using climate smart practices. This is important as the intensity of rainfall rates increases .\u00a0 As Adam notes, he\u2019s made higher yields of cotton prior to cover cropping and using other climate smart practices, but his <\/span>profits<\/span> are much higher than they were because his input costs, including pesticides, fertilizers, seed costs, irrigation, fuel, machinery and labor, are so much lower.\u00a0 These practices are not only good for the farmer, they\u2019re good for his neighbors and folks that live downstream.\u00a0 Less runoff causing flooding in his neighbors\u2019 fields, more water, and cleaner water entering the water table, and much less chemicals (fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides) impacting non-target organisms, including humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ecological approaches to weed management<\/h2>\n

As Adam and other climate-smart farmers have found in annual crops, crop rotation is a viable and profitable option. Other options for weed management are higher seeding rates for cash crops (or cover crops) to establish an earlier and denser canopy to smother the weeds earlier, tillage (which doesn\u2019t support soil health, but can be used in a limited fashion), and cover crops, which can also be used to smother and out-compete weeds and has the benefit of increasing soil health.\u00a0 Diverse crop rotations can help avoid the build-up of a particular weed species in the soil seed bank and provide the opportunity to leave some additional plant material in the field.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"cove<\/p>\n

The straw from a small grain crop, for example, can be left in the field to provide a mulch, which protects the soil from temperature extremes, as well as providing protection from rainfall impacts, which helps prevent a crust forming on the soil.\u00a0 It\u2019ll likely require a no-till drill to plant the next crop, but that mulch will help prevent weeds, allow soil to absorb rainfall more readily, and will add organic matter to the soil \u2013 a win-win-win.\u00a0 Yes, the farmer will lose the income from selling bales of straw, but they\u2019ll be investing in their soil health and reducing weed competition, and not breeding herbicide-resistant weeds.<\/span><\/p>\n

Though the considerations and techniques vary, conservation tillage and cover cropping are possible in California too. One of the most dedicated researchers and farmer advisors about how to make it work here is Jeff Mitchell at UC Davis Cooperative Extension who founded the <\/span>Conservation Agriculture Systems Innovation program<\/span><\/a>. He works with both conventional and <\/span>organic producers<\/span><\/a> to figure out how to manage weed control without herbicides or excessive tillage.<\/span><\/p>\n

Is the problem really superweeds?\u00a0 Or is the problem really over-reliance and overuse of herbicides, which result in superweeds? Perhaps the problem is the gray matter between our ears.\u00a0 As Pogo said, \u201cWe have met the enemy, and he is us.\u201d <\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Other resources:<\/h2>\n

To read more about farmers fighting superweeds without herbicides, see <\/span>this article published by Civil Eats<\/span><\/a> earlier this year.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Weed Management in Organic Small Grains.\u00a0 ATTRA publication. <\/span>https:\/\/attra.ncat.org\/product\/weed-management-in-organic-small-grains\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Managing Soils for Water: How Five Principles of Soil Health Support Water Infiltration and Storage.\u00a0 ATTRA publication.\u00a0 <\/span>https:\/\/attra.ncat.org\/product\/manage-soil-for-water\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Cover Crop (340) in Organic Systems.\u00a0 ATTRA publication. <\/span>https:\/\/attra.ncat.org\/product\/cover-crop-340-in-organic-systems\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Cover Crop Options for Hot and Humid Climates.\u00a0 ATTRA publication. <\/span>https:\/\/attra.ncat.org\/product\/cover-crop-options-for-hot-and-humid-areas\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Are Superweeds Really the Problem? 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The bill aims to improve participation in and the impact of Climate Smart Agriculture programs by providing technical assistance for farmers and ranchers seeking to do projects under the\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abPolicy\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"Policy","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/category\/policy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"irwin bills","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Asm-Irwin_Jose-Robles_CalCAN-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C448&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Asm-Irwin_Jose-Robles_CalCAN-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C448&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Asm-Irwin_Jose-Robles_CalCAN-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C448&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Asm-Irwin_Jose-Robles_CalCAN-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C448&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Asm-Irwin_Jose-Robles_CalCAN-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C448&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":16417,"url":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/the-safe-to-fail-approach-to-new-practices\/","url_meta":{"origin":15267,"position":1},"title":"The “Safe to Fail” Approach to New Practices","author":"Tessa Salzman","date":"agosto 10, 2022 12:00 pm","format":false,"excerpt":"NCAT's Soil for Water program recently published a blog on low-risk experiments for farms, which Australian rancher Graeme Hand has coined \u201csafe to fail trials\u201d. The concept highlights the important benefits of learning from peers, in the field, through small-scale trial and error.\u00a0 This approach is of particular interest to\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abPractices\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"Practices","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/category\/practices\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/51860368556_f4a1bb0db5_c.jpg?fit=800%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/51860368556_f4a1bb0db5_c.jpg?fit=800%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/51860368556_f4a1bb0db5_c.jpg?fit=800%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/51860368556_f4a1bb0db5_c.jpg?fit=800%2C600&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4331,"url":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/farmer-climate-leader-profile\/","url_meta":{"origin":15267,"position":2},"title":"Farmer Climate Leader Profile","author":"Dru Marion","date":"febrero 6, 2014 11:12 pm","format":false,"excerpt":"Grazing Sheep and Growing Soil: Debby Zygielbaum at Robert Sinskey Vineyards Debby Zygielbaum, farm manager of almost 200 acres of land at Robert Sinskey Vineyards (RSV) in Napa, CA, operates on the philosophy that the quality of a wine has as much to do with the winegrowing as it does\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abPeople\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"People","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/category\/people\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Photo courtesy of Rob Sinskey","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/sheep-in-vineyard-RSV-300x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4502,"url":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/farmer-leader-profile-robert-abbott-abbott-ranch\/","url_meta":{"origin":15267,"position":3},"title":"Farmer Leader Profile: Robert Abbott, Abbott Ranch","author":"Dru Marion","date":"marzo 19, 2014 8:47 pm","format":false,"excerpt":"Robert Abbott is a third generation avocado and lemon grower working the same land his grandfather purchased in 1923. A true family farm, Abbott Ranch (also known under the name\u00a0Hilltop and Canyon Farms) prides itself on ensuring that future generations will inherit trees and soils at least as productive and\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abPeople\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"People","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/category\/people\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":11620,"url":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/cover-crops-good-for-crop-yields-soil-health-and-bottom-lines\/","url_meta":{"origin":15267,"position":4},"title":"Cover Crops\u2014Good for Crop Yields, Soil Health, and Bottom Lines","author":"Amy Winzer","date":"julio 15, 2019 7:05 pm","format":false,"excerpt":"This is reposted from the\u00a0National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition (NSAC), of which CalCAN is a member. NSAC advocates for federal policy reform for the sustainability of food systems, natural resources, and rural communities. See the\u00a0original post. The benefits of cover crops have long been known to farmers, and today, they are\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abPractices\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"Practices","link":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/category\/practices\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cover-crop-daikon-radish-Credit-Edwin-Remsberg.jpg?fit=1024%2C682&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cover-crop-daikon-radish-Credit-Edwin-Remsberg.jpg?fit=1024%2C682&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cover-crop-daikon-radish-Credit-Edwin-Remsberg.jpg?fit=1024%2C682&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/calclimateag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cover-crop-daikon-radish-Credit-Edwin-Remsberg.jpg?fit=1024%2C682&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":17860,"url":"https:\/\/calclimateag.org\/es\/calcan-goes-to-the-nations-capitol\/","url_meta":{"origin":15267,"position":5},"title":"CalCAN Goes to the Nation\u2019s Capitol","author":"Renata Brillinger","date":"febrero 8, 2023 7:20 am","format":false,"excerpt":"I had a chance to visit Washington DC last week to attend the winter member meeting of the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition (NSAC), an annual gathering of organizations from around the country. The focus of the two-day meeting was on our coalition strategy for the 2023 Farm Bill. 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